CRUSH SCHOOL

I blog on Brain-Based Learning, Metacognition, EdTech, and Social-Emotional Learning. I am the author of the Crush School Series of Books, which help students understand how their brains process information and learn. I also wrote The Power of Three: How to Simplify Your Life to Amplify Your Personal and Professional Success, but be warned that it's meant for adults who want to thrive and are comfortable with four letter words.

Filtering by Category: Science

Resistance to Change and the Teaching Struggle Is Real

I’ve been thinking a lot about this school year lately. More than usual, I have been reflecting on the school year that’s in the books now. It wasn’t easy. Honestly, it was one of the hardest years I’ve had in a while. Not because of behavior issues, which I had to some extent (though most of my students are pretty chill), or grading, which I hate with a passion (I much prefer creating learning experiences), or administrative stuff, which is what it is, but because I felt like I regressed.

Like I forgot, after 22 years of doing it, how to be a teacher.

I found myself questioning things I thought I had long figured out—especially when it comes to my understanding of students. And after 12+ years of of teaching chemistry in my current school, it was jarring to feel that way. But change, especially top-down forced change, has a way of doing that.

Last year, I transitioned from teaching upperclassmen in Chemistry—a subject I know like the back of my hand—to teaching Earth and Space Science to freshmen. That’s right. Fourteen-year-olds. Ninth graders. A totally different beast.

And wow, was I not ready.

Let’s start with the students themselves. Juniors in chemistry have a level of maturity (usually), a sense of structure and responsibility (again, usually), and at the very least, they have a clearer picture of the expectations of high school life (read: they know what not to do better than the youngins). Freshmen, on the other hand, are in the process of figuring it out. They’re bouncing between middle school habits and high school demands, trying to find their footing socially, emotionally, and academically. And I’ll admit—I struggled to meet them where they are.

Some of the struggle was internal. I resisted the change. I didn’t want to leave chemistry. It’s a subject I love and have spent years crafting lessons for, refining labs, and building strong connections with older students I taught. I even liked writing college and scholarship recommendation letters, even if I procrastinated with finishing all of them.

And being asked to teach Earth Science—a subject I hadn’t taught since the dark ages (aka my middle school days)—felt like an earthquake constantly shifting the ground beneath me.

But what really caught me off guard was how it affected my confidence in the classroom. Not on the subject matter—I have an Earth and Environmental Sciences degree and have always liked how relevant the content is—but on being a better pedagogue and mentor.

I found myself questioning my instincts. Am I being too hard on them? Not hard enough? Do they even know how to learn? Why aren’t they getting what I’m giving? Is critical thinking not very critical at this age and am I too critical of it? Too demanding? I felt myself slipping into frustration more often than I’d like to admit. And worse, I caught myself forgetting what I’ve always known: students aren’t finished products. They are works in progress, just like I am.

The last two years reminded me of something I hadn’t felt in years: the sharp learning curve new teachers climb. The feeling that you’re constantly behind, that you’re not doing right by your students, that you should know more, do more, be more. And while it was uncomfortable, in the end it proved illuminating.

I’ve come to realize struggling isn’t failing. It’s growing.

Regression first. Struggle next. In the end, recalibration. The three stages of teacher death and rebirth. Leo T. is rolling his eyes while rolling in his grave right now.

Teaching freshmen science forced me to listen more intently, observe more closely, and adapt more quickly. It challenged me to remember that good teaching isn’t just about mastery of content—it’s about connection, patience, and flexibility. But most of all, humility.

First trimester was tough, because I was failing at something I was supposed to be good at.

But then—something shifted.

In second trimester, I began to settle. I got to know the students better, and more importantly, I let them get to know me—not the perfect version of a teacher I had in my head, but the real one. I started to communicate the expectations better. In fact, I adjusted my expectations, both of students and of myself. I leaned into the chaos instead of constantly trying to control it, because I accepted that freshmen are a mess, make a mess, and, in their wake, leave a mess.

I started finding joy in small wins: when an autistic student who is always on the edge ready to jump off a one-thousand foot high cliff had a freakout free day, or when a class that used to feel like giving a TED Talk to caffeinated squirrels actually was able to hold their side conversations, shut up, and listen to the directions that did, by the way, help them be more successful in their learning, and by that I mean get a better grade of course. I stopped comparing this year to past years. I stopped wishing I was teaching something else and started teaching the kids in front of me. It made all the difference.

By third trimester, I wasn’t just surviving—I was enjoying it. I felt more relaxed, more responsive, and more in tune with what these freshmen needed. I started to see the progress they’d made—not just academically, but emotionally. I could see how they had grown, and I realized that I had too. And, we started to like each other.

I ate my humble pie, gave up trying to control what I cannot control, and grew as a result.

So if you’re a teacher who’s had a tough year or who may be shifting grade levels, changing subjects, or just going through a rough patch in the future: I see you. Change is hard. Regression happens. But so does growth. We don’t always get to choose our challenges, but we can choose how we show up for them.

Teaching is never truly mastered. Every class, every group of students, every subject comes with its own learning curve. And while it’s uncomfortable to feel like a beginner again, it’s also a powerful reminder of why we do this in the first place.

To learn and grow as human beings first, and teachers second.

We learn every year, because we choose to stay when every fiber of our being tells us to run away. We stick it out. We keep the faith.

And next year? We’ll be better—not because we go back to what was, but because we stayed in the struggle long enough to realize that while we cannot always win, we can always learn.

Here’s to the teachers who are still learning.


Thanks for reading my thoughts! I hope they help you in being more you. Check out my shop (see top) if you need thoughtful (not busy work), engaging (fun), project-based and phenomena-based (the whole NGSS thing) Earth and Space Science lessons. I try to keep the prices decent, but if you cannot spare the $, please email me and I’ll give you whatever you need for free.

BOOKS & TOOLS

EQUITY Poster
$1.50
Introduction to Earth and Space Science - 5 Phenomenon-Based Projects
Sale Price: $10.00 Original Price: $15.00
Back 2 School Classroom Bundle of 8 Posters
Sale Price: $5.00 Original Price: $8.00

Beginning the School Year with NGSS and Phenomenon-Based Learning

The start of a new school year is an opportunity for a science teacher to engage students in science learning that is both fun and effective. Combining the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) with phenomenon-based learning (PhenBL) in the right way can create a lively classroom environment where students develop a deep understanding of scientific concepts through real-world explorations.

Here’s how to make it fun and effective.

NGSS and Phenomenon-Based Learning

NGSS focuses on three dimensions: disciplinary core ideas (DCIs), science and engineering practices (SEPs), and crosscutting concepts (CCCs). These standards encourage students to think and work like scientists and engineers, emphasizing inquiry, evidence-based reasoning, and the interconnectedness of scientific concepts.

Phenomenon-based learning involves using observable events or phenomena to anchor learning. Students investigate these phenomena through questioning, experimentation, and critical thinking, leading to a deeper and more relevant understanding of scientific principles.

Steps to Implement NGSS and Phenomenon Based Learning

1. Identify Compelling Phenomena

Start by selecting phenomena that are engaging, relatable, and aligned with the NGSS. Effective phenomena are those that naturally spark curiosity and connect to students’ lives. For instance, exploring why leaves change color in the fall or investigating the effects of plastic pollution on marine life can be excellent starting points.

2. Develop Driving Questions

Formulate open-ended driving questions that guide the inquiry process. These questions should be broad enough to allow for exploration but specific enough to maintain focus. Examples include, “How do plants adapt to different environments?” or “What causes extreme weather events?”

3. Design Coherent Learning Experiences

Plan a series of interconnected lessons and activities that allow students to explore the driving questions. Utilize a mix of hands-on experiments, collaborative projects, and technology-enhanced investigations. Ensure that these experiences integrate the three dimensions of NGSS, promoting a holistic understanding of the content.

4. Encourage Student-Led Inquiry

Empower students to take ownership of their learning by encouraging them to ask questions, design experiments, and present their findings. Facilitate a classroom environment where students feel comfortable taking risks, making mistakes, and learning from them. Provide scaffolding and support as needed, but allow students the freedom to explore and discover.

5. Use Formative Assessments

Incorporate ongoing formative assessments to gauge student understanding and adjust instruction accordingly. Use a variety of assessment methods, such as observations, discussions, quizzes, and student reflections. This approach helps identify misconceptions early and provides opportunities for timely feedback and intervention.

6. Foster a Collaborative Classroom Culture

Create a classroom culture that values collaboration, communication, and respect. Encourage students to work together, share ideas, and construct knowledge collectively. Group work, peer reviews, and class discussions are essential components of a collaborative learning environment.

Check out this classroom poster on collaboration.

7. Reflect and Iterate

At the end of each unit or project, take time to reflect with your students on what worked well and what could be improved. Use this feedback to refine your approach and enhance future learning experiences. Continuous reflection and iteration are key to the successful implementation of NGSS and PBL.

Embrace Phenomena and Watch Your Students Grow

Implementing NGSS with phenomenon-based learning sets the stage for an engaging and effective science classroom. When teachers use interesting phenomena and foster collaborative inquiry into these phenomena, students develop a deeper understanding of concepts and a passion for learning. PhenBL is challenging, exciting, and… a lot of work, but if you embrace this approach, you will see your students thrive and become curious, capable, and confident young scientists.


If you’d like some help getting started with Phenomena-Based Learning in Earth Science, check out the Intro Unit of Study I created and will start using in less than two weeks time. Yikes!

It contains 5 PhenBL Student Projects, will last about 3 weeks, and is on sale through Labor Day.

Introduction to Earth and Space Science - 5 Phenomenon-Based Projects
Sale Price: $10.00 Original Price: $15.00

BOOKS & TOOLS

EQUITY Poster
$1.50
Introduction to Earth and Space Science - 5 Phenomenon-Based Projects
Sale Price: $10.00 Original Price: $15.00
Back 2 School Classroom Bundle of 8 Posters
Sale Price: $5.00 Original Price: $8.00

Why the 5E Model Provides the Best Way to Teach Science the NGSS Way

5E + NGSS and how they fit together

Understanding the Next Generation Science Standards and using NGSS to create engaging and effective science lessons can be a challenge. However, by mentally replacing the NGSS with the 5E model offers a solid and structured approach to teaching that promotes inquiry and discovery the new standards call for. In this blog post, I’ll show you how I use both NGSS and the 5E model to design engaging and effective Earth Science lessons.

Understanding NGSS and the 5E Model

The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)

The NGSS three-dimensional learning includes:

  1. Disciplinary Core Ideas (DCIs): Key concepts students should understand in each science discipline.

  2. Science and Engineering Practices (SEPs): Skills students should develop to engage in scientific inquiry and engineering design.

  3. Crosscutting Concepts (CCCs): Concepts that help students connect knowledge across different scientific disciplines.

The 5E Instructional Model

The 5E model is a five-part teaching framework:

  1. Engage: Capture students' interest and stimulate their curiosity.

  2. Explore: Provide hands-on experiences to form understanding.

  3. Explain: Allow students to show understanding and provide clarification.

  4. Elaborate: Deepen students’ learning through application.

  5. Evaluate: Assess students’ understanding and skills.

Engaging with Phenomena

Engage: NGSS emphasizes the use of phenomena—observable events that can be explained scientifically—to spark curiosity and drive learning of concepts and skills through inquiry. The Engage phase of the 5E model captivates students’ interest and activates their prior knowledge.

By presenting a fun phenomenon, such as the year without a summer, you can immediately draw students into the lesson on lesser-known effects of volcanism, setting the stage for the initial exploration.

Hands-On Exploration

Explore: In this phase, teachers can design hands-on activities that explore key concepts or experiments that help explain the phenomenon. This phase aligns with NGSS’s focus on Science and Engineering Practices (SEPs), such as asking questions, developing models, and analyzing data. Ideally, you plan a lesson that challenges students to use online resources and simple materials you provide them with to design and build their own model or create their own experiment (and understanding) that shows the process, rather than giving them a set of directions to follow.

Activities such as creating a simulation of volcanic ash and gas spread using confetti and a fan allow students to actively engage in the scientific process and model the work of professional scientists.

Constructing Explanations

Explain: Here, students can use their models or experiments to show their understanding of the phenomenon and its key concepts. You may need to provide some instruction (direct, small group, individual) to clarify and expand on the more complex concepts. This phase connects the hands-on experiences from the Explore phase with the Disciplinary Core Ideas (DCIs) outlined in NGSS. By constructing explanations for the investigated phenomenon, students develop a deeper conceptual understanding and refine their scientific thinking.

For example, you can ask student groups to record a video of their confetti explosion and spread and explain how it relates to an explosion of a volcano such as Tambora aka the year without a summer culprit.

Extending Learning

Elaborate: Challenge your students to apply the concepts they learned to new situations or to explain other, related processes. This leads to a deeper and more flexible understanding of the concepts. This phase supports NGSS’s emphasis on Crosscutting Concepts (CCCs) by encouraging students to recognize patterns and make connections across different scientific disciplines.

For instance, after studying how the particles ejected from Mount Tambora spread and led to a year without a summer, students might explore how ocean circulation and the Earth’s rotation affect global wind patterns..

Assessing Understanding

Evaluate: The Evaluate phase is designed for students to demonstrate their learning through assessments that can seamlessly be aligned with NGSS’s three-dimensional framework (DCIs, SEPs, and CCCs). Performance assessments, as NGSS calls them, might include investigative projects, multimedia presentations, or other reflections that help teachers gauge factual knowledge and application of scientific concepts and scientific and science and engineering skills.

For example, students could create a museum exhibit that contains: (1) a model that thoroughly explains the types of volcanic eruptions that lead to ejection of large amounts of gas and particulates, (2) a statistical analysis of how the explosion of Tambora compares to average eruptions of this kind, and (3) a computer simulation of the mechanism of how the volcanic smog from Tambora spread and led to the year without a summer showing the influence of ocean circulation and global wind patterns on this process.

5E Model and NGSS Just Fit

The 5E model’s emphasis on inquiry, hands-on learning, and real-world application makes it ideal for implementing NGSS. By starting with phenomena, the 5E model can be used to engage students in authentic scientific exploration, helping them build a deeper understanding of science concepts and practices. This approach not only aligns with the goals of NGSS by preparing students to think and act like scientists and equipping them with the skills and knowledge needed for them to become informed citizens, difference makers, and problem solvers of the future.

BOOKS & TOOLS

Phenomena Poster
$1.50
Earth Science Reasons for Seasons Project
Sale Price: $2.00 Original Price: $4.00
Back 2 School Classroom Bundle of 8 Posters
Sale Price: $5.00 Original Price: $8.00
Because... Chemistry Unisex T-Shirt
from $15.00
Mistakes Are... Poster
$3.00

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